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Richard S. Katz and Peter Mair: The Emergence of the Cartel Party.
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geredigeerd citaat uit Katz en Mair (1995: 15) [E]ven when a party is excluded from government, or even when, as in the case of the British Labour Party, a party languishes for a long period in opposition, this rarely implies a denial of access to the spoils of the state, nor to at least some share of patronage appointments. More often than not, media access is largely unaffected by absence from government. Access to state subventions is also unaffected; indeed, in some systems, parties currently in opposition are actually accorded a higher level of subvention precisely because they lack the immediate resources of parties currently in government.
Hence we see the emergence of a new type of party, the cartel party, characterized by the interpenetration of party and state, and also by a pattern of inter-party collusion. In this sense, it is perhaps more accurate to speak of the emergence of cartel parties, since this development depends on collusion and cooperation between ostensible competitors, and on agreements which, of necessity, require the consent and cooperation of all, or almost all, relevant participants. Nevertheless, while at one level this development relates to the party system as a whole, it also has important implications for the organizational profile of each individual party within the cartel, and so it is reasonable to speak of a cartel party in the singular.
In: Party Politics, 1995, VOL 1. No.1 pp.5-28.
